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''Provoke'' (Purovōku, ), with its subtitle of ''Provocative Materials for Thought''〔Variously also translated as 'provocative resources for thought', 'provocative materials for thinkers', 'provocative documents for the sake of thought' and 'provocative documents for the pursuit of ideas'〕 (Shisō no tame no chōhatsuteki shiryō ), was an experimental small press Japanese photography magazine founded by the collective of photographers Yutaka Takanashi and Takuma Nakahira, critic , and writer in 1968.〔"(For the sake of thought: Provoke, 1968–1970 )", Museum of Modern Art. Accessed 8 January 2015.〕〔"(Case 4: Provoke )", Art Institute of Chicago. Accessed 8 January 2015.〕 Daidō Moriyama joined with the second issue.〔 ''Provoke'' was "a platform for a new photographic expression", "to free photography from subservience to the language of words",〔 "that stood in opposition to the photography establishment".〔 It has been described as having "lasted for only three issues, but had a profound effect upon Japanese photography in the 1970s and 80s"〔"(Fire and Water – Takuma Nakahira’s For a Language to Come )", Gerry Badger. Accessed 8 January 2015.〕 and "spread a completely new idea of photography in Japan."〔 It was a quarterly magazine that also included poetry, criticism and radical photographic theory. ==Details== The three issues of ''Provoke'' magazine were published on 1 November 1968, and 10 March and 10 August 1969, each in an edition of 1,000 copies. The ''Provoke'' manifesto declared that visual images cannot completely represent an idea as words can, yet photographs can provoke language and ideas, "resulting in a new language and in new meanings";〔 the photographer can capture what cannot be expressed in words, presenting photographs as "documents" for others to read, hence ''Provokes "provocative materials for thought" subtitle.〔 The visual style of the photographs in ''Provoke'' has been said to be, in Japanese, 'are-bure-boke', translated as 'grainy/rough, blurry, out-of-focus',〔〔 a style already found in mainstream magazines such as ''Camera Mainichi''. There were other comparable radical magazines and groups at the time including ''Geribara 5'', which published three books. On 31 March 1970 the collective published the book ''4. Mazu tashikarashisa no sekai o suterō: Shashin to gengo no shisō'' (First Abandon the World of Pseudo-Certainty: Thoughts on Photography and Language),〔Also translated as 'First Abandon the World of Certainty'.〕 through Tabata Shoten. A review of the group's activity,〔 it is regarded as the ''Provoke No. 4'' that is mentioned in ''No. 3''.〔 It contains photographs by Moriyama, Nakahira, Takanashi and Taki and text by , Nakahira, Okada and Taki. Critic Gerry Badger has written that the "legendary Japanese magazine, Provoke, lasted for only three issues, but had a profound effect upon Japanese photography in the 1970s and 80s".〔 All three issues of ''Provoke'' appear in ''The Open Book'', "a traveling exhibition that tracks the history of the photographic medium in the twentieth century through printed images in book form".〔〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Provoke (magazine)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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